What are the consequences of over-application during aerial spraying?

Over-application during aerial spraying has serious implications for both crops and the environment. When too much pesticide or fertilizer is applied, it can result in crop damage such as phytotoxicity, where the plants respond negatively to the chemical treatment. This damage can manifest as stunted growth, leaf burn, or even plant death, ultimately affecting yield and quality.

In addition to harming crops directly, over-application can lead to increased resistance in pests. When pests are exposed to higher levels of a pesticide, they may develop resistance to it over time. This means that future applications could become less effective, requiring even higher doses or different chemicals to manage pest populations, which can escalate the cycle of resistance.

Furthermore, environmental contamination is a significant concern. Excess chemicals can run off into nearby water bodies, affecting aquatic life and potentially entering drinking water supplies. This not only impacts ecosystems but can also pose health risks for humans and animals.

The other options do not accurately represent the adverse effects associated with over-application. None of them adequately address the potential for crop damage, resistance issues, or environmental consequences, making the selected answer the most comprehensive and accurate reflection of the risks involved with over-application during aerial spraying.